Here, we have all the reactions we looked at in year 12
Now, when we studied the production of amines from halogenoalkanes [zoom in on this rxn and remove everything else so there’s more space]
We saw that we add excess ammonia so that we produce amines like this [show methylamine, ethylamine and propylamine]
These are all primary amines
So, we can change amine here to primary amine. [1 o amine]
Next, we saw another method to produce primary amines
We saw that we can reduce a nitrile to primary amine using…
We can reduce a nitrile to a primary amine using hydrogen gas and a metal catalyst like nickel.
Next, we saw that if we react a primary amine with excess halogenoalkane, we can produce… [add a new dashed arrow from 1 o amine w/ excess halogenoalkane] [This is all AMN3 stuff]
Primary amines have a lone pair of electrons [Show ethylamine w/ lone pair on nitrogen]
So, in excess halogenoalkane, a primary amine can undergo a nucleophilic substitution reaction to produce a secondary amine. [add nucleophilic substitution to arrow]
Then, these secondary amines also have a lone pair of electrons
So, this secondary amine can undergo a nucleophilic substitution reaction with the halogenoalkane to form a tertiary amine.
And finally, tertiary amines also have a lone pair
So, this tertiary amine can undergo a nucleophilic substitution reaction with the halogenoalkane to form a quaternary ammonium salt.
And so, we can add all of these reactions to our synthesis diagram like this [zoom back out and add the 1 o amine – – > 2 o amine etc. bit]
Next, we saw that primary amines can form secondary amides
For this reaction, we can react a primary amine with…
To form a secondary amide, we can react a primary amine with either an acyl chloride or an acid anhydride [add acyl chloride / acid anhydride below and add both arrows towards 2 o amide]
And the two react via a…
To form a secondary amide, a primary amine reacts with either an acyl chloride or acid anhydride via a nucleophilic addition / elimination reaction.
And finally, when we react an acyl chloride or acid anhydride with ammonia…
When we react an acyl chloride or acid anhydride with ammonia, they undergo a nucleophilic addition elimination reaction to form a primary amide!
To sum up, our diagram for organic synthesis so far…
Our diagram for organic synthesis so far looks like this
